Field Notes/Compiler/Dispatch 019
MAR 20 · 2026·15 MIN READ·DISPATCH 019

Why we picked register-based bytecode over stack.

Anya VoronovaCompiler lead · KetoyVM

We looked hard at stack bytecode. We picked registers. Here is why, and why it cost us a contributor.

Stack bytecode is simpler to generate and simpler to verify. Register bytecode has a shorter prologue, fewer memory round-trips, and better behavior under JIT. For Compose-heavy code with many implicit parameters, the per-call overhead of a stack machine showed up as measurable cold-start regression.

— A.V., Mar 20 2026